E151 / Colours
Brilliant Black BN, Black PN
Safety in brief
Better avoided
Recorded EatMatrix rating, not a new clinical review. The amount, your sensitivities and country rules still matter.
- Watch for
- Recorded sensitivities: azo dye sensitivity; aspirin/salicylate sensitivity (rare cross-reactivity).
- Our advice
- Read the whole food label and consider how often you eat the product. A name or E number does not tell you the amount, and an ingredient rating cannot assess the entire food.
What it is
Brilliant Black BN (also called Black PN) is a synthetic azo dye used to give foods a black or dark hue, found in items like confectionery, desserts, sauces, and some beverages. It is approved for use in the EU/UK with a set daily intake limit but is not permitted in food in the United States, Canada, or Japan. Some studies have linked azo dyes as a group to hyperactivity in children, which is why EU-sold products containing it must carry a warning label.
Also appears on labels as: Brilliant Black BN, Black PN, Brilliant Black, Black PN dye, Food Black 1, E151, E 151, E-151, CI 28440, Synthetic black dye, FD&C Black No. 1, Brilliant Black PN.
Dietary information
- Vegan
- Yes
- Halal
- Yes
- Gluten-free
- Yes
- Allergens
- Caution
Recorded ingredient information. Check the product label or certification: sources, other ingredients and cross-contact can vary.
Research & body effects
Health notes from our ingredient record
- EU-mandated warning label: may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children (linked to azo dyes as a class).
- Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) set by EFSA (5 mg/kg bw/day); high-percentile intakes at maximum permitted levels can approach the ADI in worst-case scenarios.
- Rare hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. skin rashes) possible in susceptible individuals, particularly those with aspirin sensitivity.
Other references from our ingredient record
These links come from the original ingredient record. They are separate from the source reviews above and have not all been checked for the exact ingredient, amount consumed or claim. Dates are shown newest first.
- Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of Brilliant Black BN (E 151) as a food additive — EFSA Panel on Food Additives, EFSA Journal (2010). Official EFSA scientific opinion (bibliographic reference, imported 2026-10-13). It covers the additive as a group assessment and is not an individual human study; read the opinion for its findings.
Country rules
Country checks for E151
Permission depends on the market, type of food, amount and conditions. A scientific opinion or an E-number alone does not establish a legal use. These checks are separate from the stored EatMatrix rating.
Compare all eight markets and their sources
| Market | What is checked |
|---|---|
| European Union | Regulation (EC) 1333/2008, Annex II Part B, version , contains the exact code E151: Brilliant Black PN. Listing alone does not allow every food use. Part E food categories, limits, specifications and applicable later acts still need a product-specific check. Source read: . |
| Great Britain | The FSA register record for E151 (Brilliant Black PN) lists “Authorised” in England, Scotland and Wales. Register updated: 01 April 2025; record checked: . Food-specific conditions and specifications still need a separate legal check. |
| United States | Complete current-use review pending. Any scoped provision in the label guide above applies only to the stated use. FDA explains the applicable food-additive and GRAS framework. |
| Northern Ireland | Review pending. Check the applicable EU rules and territory arrangements; the GB register alone does not establish this status. FSA guidance is a starting source, not a verified permission for this entry. |
| Canada | No exact named entry located in the reviewed additive lists No exact named food-additive entry was located in the 15 current lists for Brilliant Black BN; Black PN. Charcoal and carbon black are different colour preparations. EatMatrix reading: Do not claim a permitted additive use from this review. Exact preparation, intended use and any applicable separate legal provision need confirmation; this table result is not a toxicology verdict or proof of a universal ban. Name and category review: . This describes the legal source check, not a finding that the ingredient is safe, unsafe or untested. Sources and names checkedNames checked: Brilliant Black BN, Black PN; Brilliant Black BN; Black PN. All 15 Health Canada permitted-additive lists were checked by exact name, with the reviewed alternatives above. E-numbers alone are not Canadian ingredient names. The Justice Canada consolidation read was current to 21 September 2026. A complete product decision also requires its composition, specifications, intended food and use, quantities, applicable separate provisions and any later changes. |
| Australia | Review pending. Food Standards Code permissions and conditions need an additive-specific check. FSANZ food-additive rules is a starting source, not a verified permission for this entry. |
| New Zealand | Review pending. Food Standards Code permissions and conditions need an additive-specific check. FSANZ food-additive rules is a starting source, not a verified permission for this entry. |
| Japan | Review pending. The relevant list, identity and use standards need an additive-specific check. CAA food-additive lists is a starting source, not a verified permission for this entry. |
Sources & review status
Check what each source covers: an authority’s conclusion, a research finding and a country’s legal permission answer different questions.
What this guide covers
- Official assessment sources
- Commission-listed EFSA references for E151. Bibliographic identity checked; latest findings and current use rules need separate review.
- Original ingredient record
- 1 research link; newest recorded date: . Sources added separately to this guide are not included in this count.
This guide brings together our ingredient record and the dated sources shown here. Missing information describes a gap in this guide; it does not mean an ingredient is untested, safe or harmful. This is not a complete review of every study, preparation or current country rule. The amount in a product and how it is used still matter.
How to read the ratings, research and country checksAgency labels recorded by EatMatrix
These are imported database classifications, not verified current statements from each authority. Use the dated official sources below for their actual scope and conclusions.
| Authority | Database label |
|---|---|
| FDA | Better avoided |
| WHO | Safe in moderation |
| EFSA | Safe in moderation |
| FSANZ | Safe in moderation |
| Japan | Better avoided |
| UK FSA | Safe in moderation |
| Health Canada | Better avoided |
Official assessment sources for E151
The European Commission’s re-evaluation table lists official EFSA documents for this additive. Their identifiers and subjects were checked against publisher bibliographic records. A missing research link in the EatMatrix database does not mean the additive has never been assessed.
Name in the Commission table: Brilliant Black BN, Black PN.
- Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of Brilliant Black BN (E 151) as a food additive
EFSA scientific opinion. Published: .
These are assessment references, including historical or group assessments. They do not establish the latest scientific conclusion, a human health benefit or risk, or current permission to use the additive in a particular food. Later assessments, corrections and food-use conditions need separate review. The recorded EatMatrix rating above is unchanged.
European Commission re-evaluation table, status as of . EatMatrix checked this bibliography on .
Database updated: . What does an E number mean on a food label?
Common questions
Frequently asked questions
What is EatMatrix's recorded rating for E151?
The recorded EatMatrix rating for E151 (Brilliant Black BN, Black PN) is “Better avoided”. It is calculated from labels stored in our ingredient database. These labels are not verified current regulator decisions or country permissions. A database update date is not a scientific review date.
Is E151 vegan, halal or gluten-free?
According to our ingredient data for Brilliant Black BN, Black PN — vegan: yes, vegetarian: yes, halal: yes, kosher: yes, gluten-free: yes, dairy-free: yes. Manufacturing sources can vary between products; check the label if it matters to you.
What is E151 and why is it used?
Brilliant Black BN (also called Black PN) is a synthetic azo dye used to give foods a black or dark hue, found in items like confectionery, desserts, sauces, and some beverages. It is approved for use in the EU/UK with a set daily intake limit but is not permitted in food in the United States, Canada, or Japan. Some studies have linked azo dyes as a group to hyperactivity in children, which is why EU-sold products containing it must carry a warning label.
Does E151 contain allergens?
No known allergens are recorded for Brilliant Black BN, Black PN, with a caution: azo dye sensitivity aspirin/salicylate sensitivity (rare cross-reactivity).
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This page shows information and classifications recorded in our ingredient database. Current scientific and market-specific verification remains pending as described above. It is general information, not medical advice.