E319 · Tertiary Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)
- WHO
- Safe in moderation
- FDA
- Safe in moderation
- EFSA
- Safe in moderation
- FSANZ
- Safe in moderation
- Japan
- Safe in moderation
- UK FSA
- Safe in moderation
- Health Canada
- Safe in moderation
What is E319?
TBHQ is a synthetic antioxidant used at low levels in oils, snack foods, and fried products to prevent rancidity and extend shelf life. It is one of the more debated food additives: while regulatory agencies like the FDA and EFSA consider it safe within set limits, some animal studies at high doses have raised questions about effects on the liver and immune system, and it remains a focus of ongoing research and consumer scrutiny.
Also appears on labels as: Tertiary Butylhydroquinone, TBHQ, t-Butylhydroquinone, t-Butyl hydroquinone, E319, E 319, E-319, tert-Butylhydroquinone, tert-Butyl hydroquinone, Antioxidant TBHQ, Food grade TBHQ, Tret-butilhidrochinonas.
What the evidence says
- High-dose animal studies have shown effects on the liver, and some studies suggest possible immune system effects; human relevance at typical dietary intake is unclear.
- EFSA and FDA have set acceptable daily intake limits; typical food use is within these limits.
- Some individuals report sensitivity reactions, though evidence is limited.
Frequently asked questions
Is E319 safe?
Our overall verdict for E319 (Tertiary Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)) is “Safe in moderation”, based on the most cautious of the major regulators’ positions — FDA: safe in moderation; WHO: safe in moderation; EFSA: safe in moderation; FSANZ: safe in moderation; Japan: safe in moderation; UK FSA: safe in moderation; Health Canada: safe in moderation.
Is E319 vegan, halal or gluten-free?
According to our ingredient data for Tertiary Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) — vegan: yes, vegetarian: yes, halal: yes, kosher: yes, gluten-free: yes, dairy-free: yes. Manufacturing sources can vary between products; check the label if it matters to you.
What is E319 and why is it used?
TBHQ is a synthetic antioxidant used at low levels in oils, snack foods, and fried products to prevent rancidity and extend shelf life. It is one of the more debated food additives: while regulatory agencies like the FDA and EFSA consider it safe within set limits, some animal studies at high doses have raised questions about effects on the liver and immune system, and it remains a focus of ongoing research and consumer scrutiny.
Does E319 contain allergens?
No known allergens are recorded for Tertiary Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ).
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This page summarises publicly available regulatory assessments and research. It is general information, not medical advice. Sources: EFSA, FDA, WHO and the studies linked above.