E477 · Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids
We haven’t recorded a regulator assessment for Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids yet. The information below comes from our ingredient database; a verdict will appear here once EFSA, FDA or WHO positions are added.
What is E477?
Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids (propylene glycol esters) are emulsifiers used to stabilize whipped toppings, cake mixes, and icings, giving them good aeration and stable foam structure. They also appear in some margarines and coffee whiteners. The fatty acid source can be plant or animal derived. They are considered safe for food use within regulatory limits.
Also appears on labels as: Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids, Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids, PGFA, Propane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters, Fatty acid esters of propane-1,2-diol, Fatty acid esters of propylene glycol, E477, E 477, E-477, Propylene glycol mono- and diesters of fatty acids, Mono- and diesters of fatty acids with propylene glycol, Propylene glycol esters.
What the evidence says
- Fatty acid source (plant or animal) is often unspecified, relevant for vegans, vegetarians, and religious diets.
- Generally recognized as safe at typical food use levels; an acceptable daily intake has been established by regulators.
Research behind the verdict
- Re‐evaluation of propane‐1,2‐diol esters of fatty acids (E 477) as a food additive — EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF), EFSA Journal (2018). The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of propane‐1,2‐diol esters of fatty acids (E 477) as a food additive. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established an ADI of 25 mg/kg bw per day. The Panel concluded that there is no safety concern for the general population when propane‐1,2‐diol esters of fatty acids are used as food additives.[safe]
Frequently asked questions
Is E477 safe?
Our overall verdict for E477 (Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids) is “Not yet rated”, based on the most cautious of the major regulators’ positions — no regulator assessment is recorded in our database yet.
Is E477 vegan, halal or gluten-free?
According to our ingredient data for Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids — vegan: no, vegetarian: no, halal: no, kosher: no, gluten-free: yes, dairy-free: yes. Manufacturing sources can vary between products; check the label if it matters to you.
What is E477 and why is it used?
Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids (propylene glycol esters) are emulsifiers used to stabilize whipped toppings, cake mixes, and icings, giving them good aeration and stable foam structure. They also appear in some margarines and coffee whiteners. The fatty acid source can be plant or animal derived. They are considered safe for food use within regulatory limits.
Does E477 contain allergens?
No known allergens are recorded for Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids.
Watch E477
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This page summarises publicly available regulatory assessments and research. It is general information, not medical advice. Sources: EFSA, FDA, WHO and the studies linked above.