E321 · Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
- WHO
- Safe
- FDA
- Safe
- EFSA
- Safe
- FSANZ
- Safe
- Japan
- Safe
- UK FSA
- Safe
- Health Canada
- Safe
What is E321?
BHT is a synthetic antioxidant used in packaged foods like cereals and oils, as well as in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, to prevent fats and fat-soluble vitamins from oxidizing. Some animal studies at high doses have raised questions about liver effects and potential hormone interactions, but EFSA and FDA continue to permit its use within established limits based on current evidence.
Also appears on labels as: Butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, tert-butylhydroxytoluene, E321, E 321, E-321, Antioxidant BHT, Food antioxidant BHT, BHT preservative, Butilintas hidroksitoluenas, Butilhidroksitoluols.
What the evidence says
- High-dose animal studies have shown liver enzyme changes; relevance to typical human dietary intake is considered low by regulators.
- EFSA and FDA maintain acceptable daily intake limits; typical dietary exposure is generally within these limits.
- Some studies suggest possible endocrine-disrupting effects at high doses, though evidence in humans is limited.
Frequently asked questions
Is E321 safe?
Our overall verdict for E321 (Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)) is “Safe”, based on the most cautious of the major regulators’ positions — FDA: safe; WHO: safe; EFSA: safe; FSANZ: safe; Japan: safe; UK FSA: safe; Health Canada: safe.
Is E321 vegan, halal or gluten-free?
According to our ingredient data for Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) — vegan: yes, vegetarian: yes, halal: yes, kosher: yes, gluten-free: yes, dairy-free: yes. Manufacturing sources can vary between products; check the label if it matters to you.
What is E321 and why is it used?
BHT is a synthetic antioxidant used in packaged foods like cereals and oils, as well as in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, to prevent fats and fat-soluble vitamins from oxidizing. Some animal studies at high doses have raised questions about liver effects and potential hormone interactions, but EFSA and FDA continue to permit its use within established limits based on current evidence.
Does E321 contain allergens?
No known allergens are recorded for Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).
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This page summarises publicly available regulatory assessments and research. It is general information, not medical advice. Sources: EFSA, FDA, WHO and the studies linked above.